Using a Tarp as Shelter

Ah, the tarp: the versatile shelter of any bushcraft-minded camper, trekker, or hiker.

When you want to save weight without spending lots of money, not many items beat the tarp. All you need is the tarpaulin sheet itself, stakes, some cord, and a couple of trees or hiking poles.

Tarps come in many shapes, and perhaps the most common ones are squares or slightly elongated rectangles. While there are shaped tarps for specific purposes, we concentrate on just the rectangular ones in this article.

Soft multi-tool

A tarp is much more than just a piece of fabric: it can be shaped in many ways from a simple lean-to all the way to luxurious tent-like contraptions. Tarp shelters are well ventilated, pack small and light, and weigh a fraction of the weight of a tent.

The hydrostatic head of modern high-quality tarps is just as high as on any tent, and if pitched right, they provide a rather reasonable shelter from bad weather. Traditionally, even not entirely waterproof flysheets have been adequate when pitched carefully and adjusted taut.

Tarps often have loops on the fabric, not just along the sides. This makes shaping and tightening easier.

The simplest wind shelter is a tarp tied upright between two trees, which can make cooking or a long break much more enjoyable.

You can also add a bit of a roof to the wind shelter

Setting up the tarp

Before even unpacking the tarp in the wild, consider at least the following:

1. Are trees available, or do you utilize hiking poles?
2. What's the weather forecast?
3. Does the terrain offer shelter and what is the wind direction?
4. Is the ground wet, i.e. will you need a groundsheet - which can be part of the tarp itself.

Once these basic things are considered, it's time to build!

The A-frame is good for a range of weather conditions and very effective against rain. It's also perhaps the easiest variation for someone without that much practice. Being open at the ends (often all sides) the ventilation is superb and allows you to dry items that may have gotten wet.

DD 3x3 as an A-frame

The ridge of an A-frame is made with a separate ridgeline to prevent water from running into the shelter along the line. It also allows adjusting the tarp more easily to get rid of wrinkles. The ridgeline should be taut, which places requirements on the line: Dyneema lines are strong and don't stretch, but they are too slippery for many knots, and the line is weakened considerably by knots. Paracord is easier in this regard, but it stretches. Still, the most common choice is the latter as you can always tighten to compensate for stretch. If you want to go with Dyneema, consider learning how to splice.

DD 3x3 set up lower.

To attach the tarp to the ridgeline, Prusik loops with carabiners are an easy and effective choice. With these, you can reduce the "cow's back" of the tarp and make the sides easier to pull taut and free of wrinkles. If you go without a carabiner, you can tie a piece of Paracord to the tarp and secure the other end to the ridgeline with a taut-line hitch.

Simple loop, Prusik knot, and a carabiner.

You can also tie a single line between the tarp and ridgeline.

Better view

If you like to look at the stars while counting sheep, a taco may be suitable for you. In this variation, the other side of the tarp is staked to the ground to make a groundsheet while the other side shelters from the wind. This isn't much of a rain shelter but the groundsheet keeps your gear and yourself dry, in case the ground is moist. Some people prefer to be in touch with their surroundings this way.

Higher level of protection

If the weather gets worse and showers you with crocodiles and dinosaurs instead of cats and dogs, a better shelter is a good idea. Tarps can be folded into many kinds of more enclosed shelters with or without a groundsheet. The various options are numerous like in an origami book, among the simplest is the dreadfully named Body Bag. It's like a low A-frame with one-third of the tarp as a groundsheet, the middle third as one wall, and the final third as the other wall.

When you stake more sides to the ground, the wind can't get to you.

No matter how tempting the beautiful variations are, don't go out into the wild in bad weather to see if you can make them - practice first.

As long as you pull the tarp sheet taut, you can usually enjoy a break or sleep without being bothered by rain and wind. Remember to direct the opening away from the wind, which should go without saying.

One very lightweight and effective item to bring along is a trash bag. They weigh next to nothing, are totally waterproof, and can be used as a half-bivy over the foot-end of your sleeping bag.

Knots for securing a tarp

Knots are slow to tie, difficult to remember, and tedious to undo, right? Anyone can make some overhand knots on top of each other and just cut the line with a knife when it's time to go. When reading books about knots, it may be difficult to make a choice but it's best to pick some basic knots and hone your skills with them until you're good. Since this isn't an article about knots, we won't go deeper but here are three essential tarp-related knots.

Tying a line around a tree (to begin a ridgeline), grommet, or loop: Use a Bowline knot. This is a common and popular knot on sailboats, easy to tie and easy to untie even after being loaded with tension.

Bowline knot.

Securing the other end of the ridgeline: Use a Trucker's hitch. It's actually easier than some Norwegian pop-musicians would have you believe, allows you to pull the line really tight, and is also easy to untie.

Want an adjustable knot along a line, for example on guylines that go around tent stakes, or securing the tarp to the ridgeline? Use a Taut Line hitch. It's quick and easy to tie, doesn't slip easily, and is quick to untie.

Anyone can tie a loop but if you want to make it neat, consider a Fisherman's knot.

Attach the loop to the ridgeline with a Prusik knot. You can do without, but it's a nice addition.

A common mistake when learning knots is to look at an instruction video and make the knot 2-3 times until you get it right. A week later in the bush, you will have forgotten it and make the "something" knot, which may or may not hold the night, but your morning will be ruined when packing up the camp.

To really learn the knots, keep practising until you can't get it wrong. In the comfort of your home, it's easy to forget what darkness, rainfall, and hunger do to your cognitive performance.

So carry a length of paracord with you at all times to practise knots on the bus or in any other situation where you'd normally pull out your smartphone to make yourself less smart.

Choosing the tarp size

As mentioned before, tarps come in many sizes and shapes. The baseline is that 2.5 x 2.5 meters is enough for one person, but 3 x 3 meters is a comfortable size for some gear as well. For 2-3 persons, we suggest going with the 4 x 4 m size. Despite having an area of a small apartment flat, take into account that you'll probably build a wall or two in your tarp shelter, and perhaps some part will fold into a groundsheet.